Rafi Letzter
Rafi wrote for Live Science from 2017 until 2021, when he became a technical writer for IBM Quantum. He has a bachelor's degree in journalism from Northwestern University’s Medill School of journalism. You can find his past science reporting at Inverse, Business Insider and Popular Science, and his past photojournalism on the Flash90 wire service and in the pages of The Courier Post of southern New Jersey.
Latest articles by Rafi Letzter
![An image shows aerial views of a pit crater chain hiding a lava tube in New Mexico (top) and a similar formation on Mars (bottom).](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/uw6LctFbd4RSUuxg9UYaTX-320-80.png)
These lava tubes could be the safest place for explorers to live on Mars
By Rafi Letzter published
The Martian surface is a radiation hot zone. But ancient lava tubes might offer explorers safety from the cosmic bombardment
![A Chinese Aerospace Corporation image shows the Long March 5b's launch from Wenchang launch center May 5.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/nc2faSGwhh8ovngFnyzVv7-320-80.jpg)
Massive piece of Chinese space junk slams uncontrolled into Earth's atmosphere
By Rafi Letzter published
The 19.6 ton (17,800 kilogram) body of a Chinese rocket slammed into the planet's atmosphere today (May 11). It was the biggest such incident since 1991.
![Physicist Edward Witten proposed using a fleet of laser-launched probes, like Breakthrough Starshot, to hunt the mysteries gravity source known as "Planet 9."](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/7mgmKL3XaaHQqjxsqwWRr7-320-80.jpg)
Renowned string theorist proposes new way to hunt our solar system's mysterious 'Planet 9'
By Rafi Letzter published
A new paper by physicist Edward Witten proposes hunting Planet 9 using a fleet of laser-launched probes like Breakthrough Starshots'.
![A map of the sky shows the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), a remnant of the period of the early universe when this lost dark matter might have existed.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/5A6F3h9xDZcgBkjAccyWTc-320-80.png)
A long-lost type of dark matter may resolve the biggest disagreement in physics
By Rafi Letzter published
Right now, key measurements of the universe's expansion are contradicting each other. A lost form of dark matter could help them agree.
![A Hubble Space Telescope image shows the Lagoon Nebula, part of the small portion of matter in the Milky Way that isn't made of dark matter.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/k7Qn3bBAMCXiN64cqSWMfW-320-80.jpg)
A huge cloud of invisible particles seems to be missing from the Milky Way
By Rafi Letzter published
A key signal for a certain kind of dark matter failed to turn up in a search throughout the Milky Way. Now scientists are disagreeing about what that means.
![A Hubble Space Telescope image shows RS Puppis, one of the cepheids used to measure the expansion of the universe.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/VHJBDqjYAQjRZXbbwrEwza-320-80.jpg)
We might be living in a gigantic, intergalactic bubble
By Rafi Letzter published
The bubble concept could explain one of the strangest mysteries plaguing astrophysics: Why can't we tell how fast the universe is expanding?
![This radio image shows two jets shooting out of the center of Cygnus A, a galaxy not too far from our own. A new paper reports discovering a similar object in a much more distant, ancient galaxy. That galaxy has a bright, relatavistic jet emanating from its central supermassive black hole pointed at Earth, making it a blazar.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/rCkc5DYk4gmatEnd2HmSFR-320-80.jpg)
The universe may have been filled with supermassive black holes at the dawn of time
By Rafi Letzter published
As the universe cooled in the era after the Big Bang, a supermassive black hole had already formed in the center of a galaxy, forming a giant engine of energy we can still see today.
![A long-exposure image shows stars appearing to whirl around Polaris, the north star, which appears fixed in the sky.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/adioVnroecNkF7z2RSNDWQ-320-80.jpg)
Something strange is going on with the North Star
By Rafi Letzter published
Something's up with the North Star, a cepheid. Its distance, mass and age should be easy to measure. But new calculations keep disagreeing with one another and failing to make sense.
![A map shows the sharp decline in emissions over China between early January and late February as parts of the country went on lockdown in an attempt to contain the COVID-19 coronavirus.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/zJ8HB5BXvXbdTps3LBrA8m-320-80.jpg)
Dramatic effect of coronavirus lockdowns seen from space
By Rafi Letzter published
There's been a sharp drop in air pollution over China since the acceleration of the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak, and satellites can see it from space.
![american physical society aps conference cancelled coronavirus](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/6ZxszKVMHmMHHnq8RWPgrg-320-80.png)
Huge physics conference canceled at the last minute due to coronavirus fears
By Rafi Letzter published
Organizers of the American Physical Society's March conference made the decision to cancel due to coronavirus concerns less than two days before the conference was set to begin.
![alpha antimatter experiment](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/rWGp23fSFfpEsH2zKZbtj5-320-80.jpg)
Mysterious 'antihydrogen' particles reveal uncanny quantum effect
By Rafi Letzter published
The bubbling, raucous quantum vacuum distorts the shape of every hydrogen atom in the universe, and it distorts antimatter "antihydrogen" too.
![Physicist Freeman J. Dyson at The Church Center for the United Nations in New York on March 22, 2000.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/b5LWQjrLVYSsvDCXeCSewa-320-80.jpg)
Freeman Dyson, quantum physicist who imagined alien megastructures, has died at 96
By Rafi Letzter published
Physicist Freeman Dyson was known for his work on quantum physics and mathematics, as well as his big ideas about the far future.
![An illustration shows a rocket approaching an asteroid that's drifted too close to Earth. A scout probe orbits nearby.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/BKcNwzLZTAk3bEaiDjh5mT-320-80.jpg)
What should we do if a 'planet-killer' asteroid takes aim at Earth?
By Rafi Letzter published
If a giant object looks like it's going to slam into Earth, humanity has a few options. A new guide could help NASA decide which one is best.
![An image from NASA's Cassini probe, taken Sept. 23, 2006, shows a pair of hydrocarbon lakes on Titan.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/DSyUAtR8j7g22sEDAeq5MU-320-80.jpg)
Saturn's weird, Earth-like moon just failed a key test for alien life
By Rafi Letzter published
Life on Earth likely began with the bubble-like membranes that surround our cells. Similar membranes probably wouldn't form on Titan, according to quantum mechanics.
![A photo shows the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Fast Radio Burst Project at night.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/Sdz34qWFci5M5J7ghYSk8B-320-80.jpg)
Mysterious 'fast radio bursts' from deep space repeat themselves every 16 days
By Rafi Letzter published
For the first time, astrophysicists have detected a pattern in fast radio bursts, one of the most mysterious phenomena in the universe.
![A single frame Rosetta navigation camera image of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/MjxwjRCqnwumykaXCYCaqM-320-80.jpg)
Rosetta's 'rubber ducky' comet changed color as it neared the sun. Here's why.
By Rafi Letzter published
As Rosetta's comet got near enough to the sun for frost to evaporate off its surface, a color-changing water and dust cycle began that shuffled its colors around.
![An illustration shows what the interior of IceCube might look like without the ice.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/CokbfMdPs8fGwnYR4nZgYg-320-80.jpg)
A super-rare 'Zee burst' in Antarctica could one day unlock a key mystery of ghostly neutrinos
By Rafi Letzter published
Watch out for the Zee burst!
![art of two neutron stars merging.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/LJsLCwm3hQ9cRFJAMM2C7U-320-80.jpg)
Photons could reveal 'massive gravity,' new theory suggests
By Rafi Letzter published
This is a radical new design compared to the world's most sensitive gravitational wave detectors.
![Black holes are infinitely dense objects surrounded by smooth event horizons.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/qEUS2JQZhV2DSCVt9LGQp-320-80.jpg)
Black holes shouldn't echo, but this one might. Score 1 for Stephen Hawking?
By Rafi Letzter published
When two neutron stars slammed together far off in space, they created a powerful shaking in the universe — and their echoes could violate Einstein's theory of relativity.
![An illustration shows a comet passing in front of a star.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/h4HvsNeQnHUzZaUnCFMasK-320-80.jpeg)
Physicists: Ancient life might have escaped Earth and journeyed to alien stars
By Rafi Letzter published
A pair of researchers presented a wild new theory in a new paper.
![The The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) orbits the Earth in this illustration.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/mSy7ps3tnZWgmUymncUrDU-320-80.jpg)
2 satellites will narrowly avoid colliding at 32,800 mph over Pittsburgh on Wednesday
By Rafi Letzter last updated
A collision would create a debris belt that would endanger spacecraft worldwide.
![Researchers prepare to launch the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) experiment, which picked up signals of impossible-seeming particles as it dangled from its balloon over Antarctica.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/8T2JBftTUWbz57UfTDJkiG-320-80.jpg)
Mysterious particles spewing from Antarctica defy physics
By Rafi Letzter published
What's making these things fly out of the frozen continent?
![Earth’s magnetic field protects us from the solar wind by deflecting the charged particles.](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/TzbQAoFX6yUGQJvwbCpf7G-320-80.jpg)
Ancient Australian crystals unlock history of Earth's first magnetic field
By Rafi Letzter published
It was a lot more powerful than anyone believed.
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