To date, only 12 individuals have had the privilege of walking on the moon.
As exclusive clubs go, walking on something other than planet Earth is a pretty amazing one.
While many have ventured into space, only a select few have set foot on what is essentially an alien world, even if it's a relatively small one. Earth's only natural satellite lies about 230,000 miles (370,000 kilometers) away — a short distance in galactic terms.
Related: How NASA's Artemis moon landing with astronauts works
It was in 1962 that US President John F Kennedy committed his country to put an astronaut on the moon with the famous speech, "We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard".
The backdrop for this ground-breaking achievement was the USA's Cold War "space race" competition with the Soviet Union, which had itself become the first nation to put a man — Yuri Gagarin — in space. Whoever got to the moon first would attain serious bragging rights.
And it was in 1969 that the ground-breaking first walk on the moon took place, with Neil Armstrong the first to make a footprint and utter the words "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind".
Closely followed by Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, the duo were the first of 12 people who have walked on the moon in what was termed the Apollo missions.
There are 24 people in all who have made the journey — all Americans — with the other 12 remaining on various spacecraft.
The list of astronauts who've walked on the moon during the Apollo era are:
- Neil Armstrong (Apollo 11)
- Buzz Aldrin (Apollo 11)
- Charles "Pete" Conrad (Apollo 12)
- Alan Bean (Apollo 12)
- Alan Shepard (Apollo 14)
- Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14)
- David Scott (Apollo 15)
- James Irwin (Apollo 15)
- John Young (Apollo 16)
- Charles Duke (Apollo 16)
- Eugene Cernan (Apollo 17)
- Harrison Schmitt (Apollo 17)
What is it like to walk on the moon?
One of the most remarkable aspects of walking on the moon is its low gravity. With the moon's gravity being about 1/6th of Earth's, you would weigh only 16% of your Earth weight and be able to jump approximately six times higher.
On the moon, you'd feel significantly lighter and notice the vivid colors due to the extremely thin atmosphere. Buzz Aldrin, the second person to walk on the moon, likened the experience to "a trampoline, but without the springiness and instability."
He described the moon's surface as being like "magnificent desolation", covered in powder and with a pitch-black sky. The Earth looked so small it could be blocked out by holding your thumb up to it.
"My most vivid memory on the moon is the beauty. The stark contrast between the brilliant grey of the moon and the blackness of space. The gray was so bright it was almost white — a sharp break between the surface and the horizon. The sun was always shining, so you didn't see stars or planets," Apollo 16 astronaut Charlie Duke told Forbes.
Setting foot on the moon had symbolic importance, but walking isn't very practical when you've got a whole lot of ground to cover and not much time.
So the invention of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was a real game-changer for manned missions.
Used for the first time in 1971 by Apollo 15, the electric vehicle was lightweight and designed to operate in the low-gravity vacuum of the moon. It could be folded up for the flight and unpacked once the crew landed.
The rover could travel at almost 10 miles per hour (16 kilometers per hour) and had a range of about 55 miles (89 km).
Future missions to the moon
It has been a long time since humans last visited the moon, but NASA's Artemis Program aims to change that by returning humans to the lunar surface and landing the first woman and the first person of color there.
The program will collaborate with commercial and international partners to establish a permanent base on the moon, serving as a launchpad for a future mission to Mars. NASA initially aimed to reach the moon again by 2024, but the target date has been postponed to no earlier than Sept. 2026 with the Artemis 3 mission.
Additional resources
For more information about moon landings check out "Apollo's Legacy: Perspectives on the Moon Landings" by Roger D Launius and "Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth" by Robert Poole.
Bibliography
- NASA, "Who Has Walked on the Moon?", July 2020.
- Sarah Loff, "Apollo 11 Mission Overview", NASA, January 2022.
- National Air and Space Museum, "Apollo 11", accessed September 2022.
- The European Space Agency, "Lunar Exploration – ESA's missions", accessed September 2022.
- NASA, "Artemis", accessed September 2022.
- NASA, "The Apollo Program", accessed September 2022.
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