The European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter spacecraft passes above Earth tonight (Nov. 26) and might be visible from parts of the U.S. and western Africa with either simple binoculars or an amateur telescope.
The spacecraft, which will have to fly through areas of Earth's orbit with the highest concentration of space debris, will get as close as 285 miles (460 kilometers) from Earth's surface during the flyby. This maneuver will use Earth's gravity to nudge the spacecraft and bend its orbit closer to the sun so that it can commence its scientific mission.
The closest pass will be observable from western Africa tonight at about 11:30 pm EST (0430 GMT Nov. 27). Solar Orbiter will then fly above the Canary Islands and across the Atlantic Ocean while it continues to move farther away from Earth's surface. The probe will be visible from the south of the U.S. from midnight to 3 am EST on Saturday (Nov. 27), according to Unistellar, a U.S.-based manufacturer of amateur space telescopes.
Related: Solar Orbiter spacecraft sends postcard from Venus in flyby video
The company has called on amateur astronomers in a statement, asking them to use their telescopes to track Solar Orbiter during the flyby to "help ESA confirm Solar Orbiter's position, determine its brightness, and check the health of the spacecraft".
The spacecraft will be too faint to be visible to the naked eye during the flyby, ESA said on Twitter, and its speed might make tracking it with telescopes challenging. The sun explorer, designed to take the closest-ever images of the star at the center of our solar system, will zoom past the planet at an apparent speed of 0.3 degrees per second. That's equivalent to covering over half of the diameter of the moon in one second, the space agency said on Twitter.
More information about Solar Orbiter's ground track and where to find it in the sky tonight can be found on the Heavens Above website.
This Earth flyby will give Solar Orbiter the final kick before its next close approach to the sun, which will take place in March of next year. For the first time, Solar Orbiter will get to its target distance from the sun's surface, about 34 million miles (50 million km). No other spacecraft fitted with a camera has ever flown so close. NASA's Parker Solar Probe dives closer to the sun but the heat it is subjected to is too much for it to carry a sun-facing camera.
During its first close approach to the sun, which took place in June 2020 at a distance of 48 million miles (77 million km), Solar Orbiter discovered miniature solar flares dubbed campfires on the surface of the sun. These campfires might be behind one of the biggest mysteries of the sun's behavior, the extreme heating of its corona.
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